Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood, a serious symptom indicating potential bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine. The blood can appear bright red, suggesting fresh bleeding, or have a dark, coffee-ground appearance if it has been partially digested. The causes of hematemesis are varied and can range from relatively minor issues to severe medical emergencies. Common causes include peptic ulcers, which can erode the stomach lining and cause bleeding, and gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining. Other potential causes are esophageal varices, which are swollen veins in the esophagus that can rupture, and malignancies such as stomach or esophageal cancer. Certain medications, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and anticoagulants, can also contribute to GI bleeding. Trauma to the abdomen or severe retching and vomiting can cause tears in the esophagus, known as Mallory-Weiss tears, leading to hematemesis.
Treatment for hematemesis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the bleeding. Initial management often involves stabilizing the patient, which may include intravenous fluids and blood transfusions to address blood loss and maintain blood pressure. Diagnostic procedures such as endoscopy may be performed to visualize the GI tract, identify the source of bleeding, and potentially provide therapeutic interventions like cauterization or banding of bleeding vessels. Medications to reduce stomach acid, treat infections, or address underlying conditions might be prescribed. In cases of more severe bleeding or if initial treatments are not effective, surgical intervention may be necessary to control the source of bleeding. It is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if hematemesis occurs, as it can be a sign of a serious condition requiring prompt and comprehensive treatment.
